Business technology

NEWS-Seeking patterns of academics and administrators Allama Iqbal Open University

by Malik Tariq Malik INTRODUCTION

media play an important role in the lives of people around the world in this global age. Print media are more valuable and trustworthy source of information in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the readership of newspapers is higher.

The researchers of this study is to examine the News search for patterns of both communities interested i. e. academics and administrators in the areas of national and international affairs, politics, education, economy , health, sports, etc. No one reads the whole newspaper, but he or she tries for the messages that they are interested in and receive their updates knowledge and information search on their specific area of interest. Some of the readers only read political messages, others can go business side as well, because they want to invest their money and are interested to know a country’s political and economic situation. Proper economic and political status is a motivating factor for investors to make investments. Some other readers have only information on education and health.

NEWS CONCEPT

One can live without newspapers, but there are no newspapers without news. News is a regular part of life. Definition of news is not an easy task. News is a simple word lightly by those who know how to handle it. In some ways it is one of the most complex words in our vocabulary, because it is in endless variety. Although most of the definitions are now more familiar news is certainly more than the Webster definition, “a report on recent events,” “fresh information on something that has recently taken place is.”

News is the latest events and happenings, particularly those that are unusual or remarkable. According to Microsoft Encarta Dictionary, “a report of any recent event or situation” and as the report of the events in a newspaper or information about current events in newspapers or broadcast is being printed by the media as news. Accordingly, under this definition is what happened and news, what people feel, think, say and do. So the news is mainly from unpublished reports on these activities by people who provide information of interest, make or entertain the audience.

News infact is a communication between people. From the earliest days of human civilization, when men began to exchange ideas, information or ideas started, resulting from one person to another. With the organization and development of society, the transfer of ideas and information also increased and the process was more accurate and scientific. to define

MEANING OF NEWS

News, its importance is to inform the public about the world around them. This information is important because it provides the latest information about a problem, the public is able to decide their action. News is the accurate, timely and to the point report about an event. It is not the event itself, but the description of the event by a reporter. The importance of the messages has increased rapidly. It is the newspaper, where we find the news in detail and can be maintained and preserved for any period of time. Today the press has become an instrument of social, whether it wants to be or not. As a social instrument, the paper finds permanent place in thousands of homes, and thus indirectly affects every member of the family.

PRINT MEDIA Newspapers, publication usually issued on a daily or weekly basis to report the main function of the news. Many newspapers provide specific information to readers, such as weather reports, television programs and listings of stock prices. They offer commentary on politics, economics, art and culture, and sometimes entertainment features such as comics and crossword puzzles. In almost all cases and in varying degrees, depending newspapers on commercial advertising for their income.
As division of the media in Pakistan
, people also enjoy both the urban and rural culture. It is very obvious in Pakistan, that national newspapers have their own monopoly. Print media are more valuable and trustworthy source of information compared to television in Pakistan, which is in the strict control of the government. The reason for this might be to buy a newspaper, are cheaper than a television set in the house, and second, people can see more News, as compared to the television bulletin. A newspaper is generally expected to fulfill four functions in a democratic society.

? It must collect and disseminate objective, the news of the day.
? It must interpret and explain messages to form the reader to support intelligent opinions.
? It must be the public opinion of the submission impartially both sides of each issue and point the way to the greatest good for the greatest number guide. So essentially a newspaper is an organ of society, the common good.
? It was the duty of the implementation of entertaining the public. be

However, there is another side to the image also ignores important. A newspaper is a business that tries to take advantage of course. The fact that they are in a way a form that will be an acceptable product for a large number of people must be sufficient for their living. Thus, a newspaper in order to survive must be a balance between his position as a corporate body strike and as a commercial enterprise.

HISTORY OF NEWSPAPER

like any other human improvement fields, newspapers had a systematic, slow but steady growth. Mehdi Hassan and Dr. Abdus Salam wrote in her book “Journalism for All” (1988, p. 67-80). According to Mehdi and Salam News was beginning in 60 BC the history of the modern press has started work closely with the invention of printing and the printing machine connected. According to S. Natarjan was, and the art of printing from negative reliefs in China around 594 AD, and from there spread along the routes carav in the west where taking impressions from wood blocks was quite common. In 1768, William Bolts deported from Calcutta to Madras chroot to Europe because he dared to set up a printing press in Calcutta. James Augustus Hicky’s, at any rate was the owner of the Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser, the first newspaper published in India. The first edition was published on Saturday, January 29, 1780, announces itself as a weekly political and commercial paper were openly dedicated to all parties but influenced by none “,” A lot of its pages to advertisements. It was a two sheets of paper, about 12 inches by 8 inches, printed with three columns on both sides. Warren Hastings, in which journalist pioneer of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent achieved some successes, was finally crushed.

However, in recent years the level of newspaper that could survive in the existing circumstances, has improved considerably, both in substance and in appearance. Especially the Urdu newspapers have a total change, and can now be compared to a progressive newspaper.

This was a bulletin Printing, name used for several processes that reproduce in words, pictures or designs on paper, fabrics, metal or other suitable materials. These processes, sometimes the graphics consist essentially of numerous identical reproductions of the original take by mechanical means, and the printed book has thus been the first mass product.
Before the invention of the printing press
, people spread news by word of mouth, written letters, or notices. As more people learned to read and write messages gained added reliability. Newspaper publishers estimate that almost six in ten adults in the United States and Canada, a newspaper every day, and seven out of ten read newspaper read every weekend. By the time they see a newspaper, most people have already learned from recent news on TV or radio. Readers rely on newspapers, detailed background information and analysis of TV and radio news programs offering rare. Newspaper to inform readers, not only that an event happened, but to also help readers understand what led up to the event and how they affect the world around them.

newspaper posted its roots to handwritten news sheets daily in the public market places of ancient Rome. The first printed newspapers appeared in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD). These papers were printed from carved blocks. As a forerunner of the modern newspaper was first published in Venice, Italy, in the middle of the 14th Century. Newspapers like today, complete with advertising and a mixture of political, economic and social originated news and commentary, in England in the mid-18th Century.

In modern times, newspapers that have a similar structure and function published in the world. The Global Press traces its origins to British newspapers of the 18th Century. While proceeding from the censorship in the years while under threat, and after the world wars, manages the global press the tradition of freedom of the press, first founded in London.

newspaper clearly the journalistic salience of an element by placing his page, title and length. Soon we will say that newspapers and mass communication is a process through which the social reality is transmitted. Newspaper, the publication is usually on a daily or weekly basis exhibited, whose function is essentially the report. Many newspapers also provide specific information to readers, such as weather reports, television programs and listings of stock prices. They offer commentary on politics, economics, art and culture, and sometimes entertainment features such as comics and crossword puzzles. In almost all cases and in varying degrees, depending newspapers on commercial advertising for their income. HISTORY OF NEWSPAPERS subcontinent

like any other human improvement fields, newspapers had a systematic, slow but steady growth. A brief history of the press as it began in earlier times can to help us in understanding the dimensions of its growth. The history of the modern press is closely associated with the invention of printing and the printing machine connected.

The Institute of newsletters came much later. Dr. Abdus Salam Khurshid pioneering work on “Newsletters in the Orient” to throw light on the origin of the newsletter in the subcontinent. It was the Ghaznivids Muslim rulers who allegedly introduced the system in India by the end of the 10th Century have. The newsletter played a determining role in the performance of this search for news and molding of public opinion before the printed newspaper became a reality.

Bengal, part of which is now Bengla Desh, was the forerunner of modern journalism in the entire subcontinent. It was in Bengal that the first newspaper in India has made appearance and then the seeds of awakening were distributed over the length and breadth of the rest of the country, starting of course with some pockets of the British colonies such as Madras and Bombay. As modern newspapers in India had sprinkled their origin in the needs of the small but growing European colonies on the capitals of the Presidency towns.

journalism was in those days, hardly a profession, for decent people. The Government of Bengal, under the name of the rule once the issue of a newspaper of their own, so that you can include them “out of existence and in need of inertia few European adventures that have been declared unfit set to be created in any eye creditable method of subsistence. ” The point is, CH Clay, the editor has the “Madras Courier ‘, that’ he entry of the good society, because he was an employee of the Chief Justice. In 1768 William Bolts, was deported from Calcutta to Madras roots to Europe, because he dared to set up a printing press in Calcutta. In 1780, James Augustus Hicky’s “weekly political and commercial paper for all stakeholders openly, but influenced by none”, which is Bengal Gazette, or the Hicky Gazette, as it was popular and well known, the transfer was denied by the post office, and after of a historic battle with Warren Hastings, in which journalist pioneer of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent achieved some successes, was finally cursed. William Duan Journal of Bengal, was expelled from India, went to America and established himself as a journalist. Almost from his birth was all-absorbing interest of the Indian press policy. James Augustus Hickey began the Bengal Gazette in 1780, some eighty years after the first newspaper in England, the publication had begun.

Even before Indian editors their feathers are used to fighting for the freedom of their homeland, there was a strong political flavor of the press and was soon enforced censorship of one kind or another, although the people on whom they imposed was one of the dominant race. Editor in Madras and Bombay soon followed their predecessors in Calcutta problems with authority, which then of course was the company that jealous of his position and highly intolerant of criticism by what were regarded as outsiders.

James Augustus Hickey, at any rate was the owner of Bangal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser, the first newspaper published in India. The first edition was published on Saturday, January 29, 1780, announces itself as a weekly and commercial paper, open to succeed for all involved, but no, “many of its pages were devoted to, it was a two sheets of paper, about 12 cm from 8 inches, printed with three columns on both sides. The second newspaper in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent was launched “The Indian Gazette or Calcutta Public Advertiser,” published in the 18th century. This was in Mr. P. Reed and Mr. B. Messink November 1780 start.

The contents of the press in the 18th century show the influence of James Augustus Hickey. Foreign News, parliamentary debates of England, extracts from British newspapers, Social News, letters to the Editor and poet corners set up most of the reading. The second stage of Indian journalism started when brings the Baptist missionaries Serampore, a Dutch settlement started a monthly magazine in Bengali, the first of its kind to be published in a language. “The Friend of India “a monthly magazine was launched by the Serampore missionaries in April 1818 to life.

The first Indian owned newspapers did not come out until the beginning of the 19th century. These papers were carried out brought to the English missionary and impact on the local population to counter. It is important to note, therefore, was the first newspaper that was to come as neither in the language of the area where they originated, that is, Bengal, still in the language that was still deeply rooted in the soil and in the courts and other official contacts, Persian. It was in English. Within a few years, many other local newspapers in the possession of the scene. The first Urdu newspaper on the subcontinent “Jam- i-Jahan Numa, was released in 1822. Bengal claimed the rare distinction of being the home of the first Hindi newspaper as well, “Qodunt Martund” started in 1826 in Calcutta. Calcutta, which initially was under British colonial rule of the three English colonies decline other two remained Madras and Bombay – the most important and largest press center during the 19th century.
first seven GROWTH IN PRESS Muslim subcontinent

The pace of political agitation was by the Muslim Press in the year 1919, the establishment of new traditions of the victims faster. The Zamindar was published in December 1919 was their 6145 edition in 1920. Another was “Paigham” by Abdul Kalam Azad from Calcutta in 1921 and “Sabah” Qazi Abdul Ghaffar of Delhi. Al these papers their impact in terms of success of non-cooperation movement. In 1922, the press freedom withdrawn after the motion stopped in the Directive by Mahatma Gandhi.

The pro-Muslim League Press during the 1924 – 1937 was the Spear of “Muslim Outlook, entitled” and “Inqilab, whose leadership was of Muslim newspapers all over the subcontinent accepted. During 1938 – 1947 grew the Muslim press fairly quickly. A number of English-language newspapers sprang up, while Urdu press had also new arrivals. Together with the old newspapers, she said Muslim political aspirations with even greater force, and played the lead role in mobilizing public opinion in Pakistan support the motion.
After the Lahore Resolution adopted
, the Quaid-i-Azam “was Muslim Create press campaign and collected funds for this purpose sponsored. He founded the” Dawn “in October 1942 as a day of Delhi and put it under a trust of which he was the Managing Trustee. Quaid-i-Azam also “Manshoor and Urdu daily of Delhi started, the official organ of the Al India Muslim League was. This bright and imagination Syed Riaz Hassan daily edited.

history of Pakistan newspapers

When crossing the boundaries of journalism in Pakistan, it had made significant progress, both intellectually and technically. Lahore had the merit of not only the oldest paper in Punjab, but that in all of Pakistan. It is ironic to note that there is no dedicated and influential press in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with Muslim opinion during the days of the struggle for the independence vote. The majority the first class English dailies like The Statesman, The Times of India, the pioneer, The Hindu, The Bombay Chronicle and Hindustan Times used to appear in the province, which is now next to India. In Pakistan, Karachi was the best of three English boast newspapers. The Daily Gazette, The Observer Sindh and Karachi, they all Hindu-owned Gazette. Peshawar had only one English newspaper, Khyber Mail, while Rawalpindi, Multan, Quetta had, Sialkot and other major towns, no. In Punjab, during the Pre-Partition days, “the civilian and military Gazette and The Tribune were” the most prominent English dailies.

As was noted earlier, the areas now form Pakistan were never in the center English by prominent newspapers. The reason could be due to the political and educational backwardness of the majority of the Muslim population in these regions. The Muslim League could hardly expect positive contribution to its stand from these papers. The founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam says: “The role of newspapers in the intonation and forms of public opinion can not be stressed enough.” The press has played an important role not only in the creation of Pakistan by mounding and expressing Muslim Public Opinion in support of the idea of Pakistan, but also in the development of this new state.

OBJECTIVES This study was presented at the following target:

investigate? To investigate the news search for patterns of academicians and administrators AIOU reader with respect to the selected aspect, namely sex, age and qualification.
? In order to investigate the news search patterns of the Academy members and administrators AIOU reader with respect to the selected element that is selected medium of newspapers as well as their time reading the newspaper.
? To determine differences in the News search for patterns among Academy members and administrators AIOU reader in terms of selected aspects, namely the purpose of reading the newspaper he reads the newspaper for only collect updated information, job search, entertainment to kill time, etc.
? To determine differences in the News search for patterns between academics and administrators of the AIOU readers in relation to the selectedg aspects, namely the national and international affairs, education, politics, business news, articles and editorials, etc.

HYPOTHESIS ;
In this study, the hypothesis that:

? The academics are more interested in the news in connection with international and national affairs, articles, editorials , political and educational development news.
? the administrators are more interested in national affairs, city news, politics, job hunting, sport-time-killing, etc.

question

What are the different patterns of news search of academics and administrators Allama Iqbal Open University?

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY < , br />
The researchers examine and analyze the news search for patterns of two groups ie academics and administrators’ communities. The researchers also discuss the possible impact of print media highlighting ie newspaper. The specification of such effects should be contained within the hypothesis that the link elements or concepts in the different phases.

News is a form of communication. The present age is rightly called “the age of information, observation and reflection, revolution.” (Pavlik, J. V., 1996). This revolution began with the desire to important events or done by writing down reminiscent of them. With a few scratches, our forefathers set in motion innovative infinite history of the recording of information, communication and storage of information outside the brain. Information, observations and reflections are the main sources of human knowledge. Over ninety percent of our knowledge comes through this first source, ie newspapers.

Literature Review

It is understood that information created when an individual finds himself in a problem situation, if he or she can no longer manage the knowledge must be that he or she have, (Talja 1992, p. 72). There are a number of studies on the mass media and mass communication in the world did, but performed a few studies on news search patterns around the world and especially in Pakistan. The present study is not only for the newspapers ” industries and readers of importance, but it is also important for educational perspective. This study will help to newspaper readers, media practitioners, academics and administrators from various disciplines and planners of print media.

We, as individuals and groups, “again we find ourselves in situations where information is needed, collected, searched, organized, accessed, processed, analyzed and used” (Solomon 1996, p. 292). Reading newspaper articles is part of the daily routine for many consumers. The printed version offers tactile pleasure of leafing and the portability of the newspaper stuffed in a briefcase or book bag for later use or recycling it by adding it to break on the breakfast table or for someone else to enjoy. Newspaper, the publication is usually on a daily or weekly basis exhibited, whose function is essentially the report. Many newspapers also provide specific information to readers, such as weather reports, television programs and listings of stock prices. They offer commentary on politics, economics, art and culture, and sometimes entertainment features such as comics and crossword puzzles. In almost all cases and in varying degrees, depending newspapers on commercial advertising for their income. Information search

The proximity of this research topic related research of renowned researchers are found below:

Suriya, Sangeetha and Nambi ( 2004) conducted a research on “information behavior of the faculty members of Government Arts College is looking into cuddlier district.” The purpose of the study was to examine how members of the teaching staff to seek information from the library. He mentioned that most of the 61 respondents (38 percent 12) visited the library several times a week to meet their information needs. Regarding the type of search made by the respondents, the majority of respondents in 1991 (56 87 percent) will find their issues.

Shokeen and Kushik (2002) on information seeking behavior of social scientists in the universities in Haryana is studied. They reported the most social scientists visit the library daily. The first preferred method of searching the required information from the social scientist from the search on the indexing and abstracting journals followed, and quotations in the articles, respectively. The social scientists use current magazines books followed.

Challen (1999) examines, artists and art historians teaching in five liberal arts colleges and three universities. Results found that they need information for teaching. Participants in nearly all art journals, subscribe to and read many newspapers. They frequently visit libraries, in general, more than a library, and in contrast to previous reports, the majority prepared to ask the librarian for help. A large percentage of both art historians and artists are using computers for teaching. All 27 participants use slides extensively in the classroom, supplemented in most cases of textbooks.

Reneke (1992) investigated the information seeking activities of the 31 members of the Stanford University academic community were studied over a period of two weeks during the school year 1990-1991. She took the naturalistic approach and employs qualitative methods used to collect data primarily personal interviews. Informant perception of their environmental information expressed in positive and there is a close relationship between knowledge, information, environment, and the sources used. Information Search in the day to day activities and relationships of participants embedded and unleashed both by articulating the need and availability of information. A large number of requirements created by the informant sources satisfied or shall organize itself and through interpersonal sources of information. The results of the study showed that the application of information from a variety of needs, such as personal, professional, entertainment was looking for, wrote, etc.

Althaus and Tewksbury (2000) in his article “Online-News is looking for patterns of first and second year college student” Scientific research continues to show, not that online-news users representative of the average rational voters. Althaus and Tewksbury study “online news search pattern of the first and second year students,” reminds us that those who are looking for news and information online, are qualitatively different from the general population. Not only do they have better access to and familiarity with computer technology than non-Internet users, they also have different demographic profiles and attitudes than the general adult population. “News habits developed within this community does not result from an unequal distribution of social skills and computer access, but rather from that of the unique needs are better met through online or traditional media.”